Ngā tohu
Ngā tohu mate (symptoms), i ngā kupu māmā
Te āhua o tētahi mate, me pēhea te wehe i ōna momo, ko tēhea whakamātautau e whakatau ana, me te wā kia kite i te rata.
Thyroid
Ngā tohu o te repe tenga (thyroid): i ngā wāhine me ngā tāne, me te wā kia whakamātauria koe
Ki te ngoikore te repe tenga (hypothyroidism), ka pōturi te tinana: te ngenge, te makariri, te piki o te taumaha, te uaua o te tiko, te maroke o te kiri, te pōuri o te ngākau, me te taumaha o te mate wahine. Ki te kaha rawa te repe tenga (hyperthyroidism), ka tere te tinana: te heke o te taumaha, te tere o te pao o te manawa, te wera me te werawera, te wiriwiri o ngā ringa, te māharahara, me te kino o te moe. Mā te whakamātautau toto TSH e kitea ai ko tēhea, mēnā rānei he raruraru: mō te nuinga o ngā pakeke, ki te neke ake te TSH i te 4.0 mIU/L pea, he tohu tēnā o te repe tenga ngoikore, ā, ki te iti iho i te 0.4 pea, he tohu o te repe tenga kaha rawa.
Pānuitia te aratohu
Vitamin B12
Ngā tohu o te korenga huaora B12: te āhua, ngā take me ngā whakamātautau
Ko ngā tohu noa o te iti o te huaora B12: te ngenge me te poto o te hā nā te anaemia, te kiri koma, kōwhai paku rānei, te arero mamae, whero hoki, ngā tunga i te waha, me ngā tohu io (nerves) pērā i te kakati (pins and needles), te kore rongo me te ngoikore o te tauritenga, tae atu ki ngā raruraru mahara, te ngākau pōuri rānei. Ki tā NICE, ki te iti iho te B12 katoa i te 180 ng/L, he korenga kua whakaūngia, ā, mai i te 180 ki te 350, he korenga pea.
Pānuitia te aratohu
Kidney disease
Ngā tohu o te mate whatukuhu (kidney disease): ngā tohu o te tūkino whatukuhu, me ngā whakamātautau e kitea ai
I te nuinga o te wā kāore he tohu o te mate whatukuhu tōmua, koia i hira ai ngā whakamātautau toto me te mimi. Ina puta ngā tohu, i te nuinga i tētahi wāhanga o muri, ko ngā rekereke, ngā waewae, ngā ringa rānei e pupuhi ana, te ngenge, te poto o te hā, te kiri mangeo, te kūmenge uaua (cramps), te kore hiakai, te hiahia ruaki, te nui ake o te mimi i te pō, me te toto, te kōpuku rānei i te mimi.
Pānuitia te aratohu
PCOS
Ngā tohu o te PCOS: te āhua, te whakatau a te rata, me te take ko PMOS te ingoa ināianei
Ko te PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome, te mate pūkoro maha o ngā whare hua; i whakaingoatia anōtia ko PMOS i te 2026) ka puta i te nuinga o te wā ko te mate wahine kāore e rite, he ruarua, kāore rānei e puta, te huruhuru tāpiri i te kanohi, i te tinana rānei, te huahua, te kiri hinuhinu rānei, te angiangi o ngā makawe o te māhunga, te piki o te taumaha, te uaua rānei o te whakaheke, ngā papanga kiri pōuri i te kakī, i ngā kēkē rānei, me te uaua o te hapū. He māmā noa ngā tohu ā ētahi wāhine.
Pānuitia te aratohu
Uric acid and gout
Ngā tohu o te waikawa uric teitei me te kauti (gout): ngā tohu, ngā taumata, me te wā me kite i te rata
I te nuinga o te wā kāore rawa he tohu o te waikawa uric teitei. Ka tīmata ngā tohu ina hanga ia i ngā tioata: ko te kauti, he hononga ohorere, tino mamae, wera, whero, pupuhi hoki, i te nuinga ko te matimati nui o te waewae, ka tīmata i te pō te nuinga o te wā; ko ngā kōhatu whatukuhu, me te mamae taumaha i te taha, i raro rānei o te tuarā; ko ngā puku mārō rānei i raro i te kiri, i muri i ngā tau maha. Mā te whakamātautau toto anake e whakaatu tō taumata.
Pānuitia te aratohu
Fatty liver
Ngā tohu o te ate mōmona (fatty liver): te tikanga o te kōeke 1, 2 me te 3, te ingoa hou MASLD, me ngā mea e āwhina ana
I te nuinga o te wā kāore he tohu o te ate mōmona, ā, ko te nuinga o te tangata ka mōhio mai i tētahi matawai, whakamātautau toto rānei i mahia mō tētahi take kē. Ko ētahi ka tino ngenge, ka rongo rānei i tētahi ānini mamae i raro i ngā rara matau. Ko ngā tohu pērā i te kiri, i ngā karu kōwhai, te puku, ngā waewae pupuhi rānei, te mangeo me te māmā o te maru, ka puta anake ina kua tino nawe te ate (cirrhosis).
Pānuitia te aratohu
Dengue
Ngā tohu dengue (kirika dengue): ngā tohu tōmua, ngā tohu whakatūpato e kore e taea te tatari, me te tiaki haumaru i te kāinga
I te nuinga ka tīmata te dengue i te 4 ki te 10 rā i muri i te ngau a te waeroa, me te kirika teitei ohorere, te ānini kaha, te mamae i muri i ngā karu, te mamae o ngā uaua, ngā hononga me ngā kōiwi, te hiahia ruaki, te ruaki rānei, ā, i ētahi wā he pukupuku kiri (rash). Ka mau ngā tohu mō te 2 ki te 7 rā. Kia mataara i te hekenga o te kirika: ko te mamae kaha o te puku, te ruaki tonu, te toto rānei, me tiki āwhina ohotata.
Pānuitia te aratohu
Typhoid
Ngā tohu typhoid (kirika typhoid): te āhua o te kirika, ngā tohu mōrearea, me te whakamātautau e whakawhirinakitia ai
I te nuinga ka tīmata te typhoid i te 6 ki te 30 rā i muri i te kai, i te inu rānei i tētahi mea kua poke, me te kirika e piki haere ana i ia rā ki te 39 ki te 40°C (103 ki te 104°F), ā, ka mau neke atu i te 3 rā. He noa te ānini, te ngoikore, te kore hiakai, te mamae puku, te uaua o te tiko (constipation), te tikotiko (diarrhoea) rānei, me te maremare, ā, ka puta ki ētahi he ira māwhero papatahi. Me whai paturopi (antibiotics).
Pānuitia te aratohu
Ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga (lab tests), i ngā kupu māmā
Ngā aratohu whakamātautau katoa
CBC
Whakamātautau toto CBC: ōna taumata tika me te tikanga o tō tatauranga toto
Ko te CBC te complete blood count, arā, te tatauranga toto katoa. Ka ine i ō pūtau toto whero me te haemoglobin (e kawe ana i te hāora), ō pūtau toto mā (e whawhai ana i ngā pokenga) me ō platelets (e āwhina ana kia kōpaka te toto). Mō te pakeke, ko ngā taumata tika: haemoglobin 13.5 ki te 17.5 g/dL mō ngā tāne, 12.0 ki te 15.5 mō ngā wāhine; pūtau mā 4,000 ki te 11,000 ia µL; platelets 150,000 ki te 450,000 ia µL.
Pānuitia te aratohu
HbA1c
Whakamātautau HbA1c: te taumata tika o te huka toto, te tūtohi me te tikanga o tō hua
Ko te HbA1c tika he iti iho i te 5.7% (39 mmol/mol). Ko te 5.7% ki te 6.4% (39 ki te 47 mmol/mol) te taumata prediabetes (mate huka tōmua), ā, ko te 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) neke atu rānei kei te taumata mate huka (diabetes), ka whakaūngia e te rata ki tētahi whakamātautau tuarua. Ka whakaatu te HbA1c i tō huka toto toharite mō ngā marama e toru pea, ā, kāore he take kia nohopuku koe.
Pānuitia te aratohu
Lipid profile
Whakamātautau lipid profile: ngā taumata cholesterol tika, HDL, LDL me te triglycerides
Mō te nuinga o ngā pakeke, ko ngā taumata pai: cholesterol katoa iti iho i te 200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L), LDL cholesterol (te mea "kino") iti iho i te 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L), HDL cholesterol (te mea "pai") 40 mg/dL neke atu rānei mō ngā tāne, 50 neke atu rānei mō ngā wāhine, ā, triglycerides iti iho i te 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L). Ko te hunga e pāngia ana e te mate huka, e te mate manawa rānei, i te nuinga o te wā ka hoatu he whāinga LDL iti ake.
Pānuitia te aratohu
TSH
Whakamātautau TSH: te awhe noa, te ingoa katoa, me te tikanga o te TSH teitei, iti hoki
Mō te nuinga o ngā pakeke, ko te TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) noa e 0.4 ki te 4.0 mIU/L, ahakoa he paku rerekē ngā taiwhanga. Ko te TSH teitei, i te nuinga o te wā he repe tenga māngere, nā te mea kei te akiaki te roro i tētahi repe pōturi kia kaha ake. Ko te TSH iti, he repe tenga hohe rawa pea. Ka pānuitia e ngā rata me te T4 wātea, ā, he rerekē ngā awhe i te hapūtanga me te kaumātuatanga.
Pānuitia te aratohu
Vitamin D
Whakamātautau vitamin D (huaora D): ngā taumata noa, ngā tohu o te korenga, me te wāhi e whiwhi ai
Ka inea te vitamin D hei 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Raro iho i te 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L), he kore (deficient), ā, raro iho i te 12 ng/mL (30 nmol/L), he tino iti. E ai ki te nuinga o ngā mātanga, ka rawaka te 20 ng/mL neke atu mō te ora o ngā kōiwi, ā, he maha ngā taiwhanga ka tā i te 30 ki te 100 ng/mL hei awhe tohutoro. Neke atu i te 50 ng/mL pea, kāore he painga atu, ā, ka kino pea ngā taumata tino teitei.
Pānuitia te aratohu
Creatinine
Whakamātautau creatinine: te awhe noa, te creatinine teitei, me te tikanga o tō hua
Ko te serum creatinine noa e 0.7 ki te 1.3 mg/dL (62 ki te 115 µmol/L) pea mō ngā tāne pakeke, e 0.6 ki te 1.1 mg/dL (53 ki te 97 µmol/L) mō ngā wāhine pakeke, ahakoa ka tā ia taiwhanga i tōna ake awhe. He para te creatinine ka tātaria e ō whatukuhu, nō reira ko te tau teitei ake, tērā pea he iti iho tā rātou tātari. Ka pānuitia e ngā rata me tō eGFR.
Pānuitia te aratohu
Ferritin
Whakamātautau ferritin: ngā taumata noa, te ferritin iti me te teitei, me te tikanga o tō hua
Ko te awhe ferritin noa mō ngā pakeke e 24 ki te 336 ng/mL pea mō ngā tāne, e 11 ki te 307 ng/mL mō ngā wāhine, ahakoa he rerekē ngā taiwhanga. Raro iho i te 15 ng/mL, kua pau ō toenga rino, ā, ko te 15 ki te 30 he iti i te nuinga kia puta ai ngā tohu. Ka piki anō te ferritin i te mumura (inflammation), nō reira ka pānuitia e ngā rata me tō haemoglobin me ō whakamātautau rino.
Pānuitia te aratohu
